sejarah kelapa sawit
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Sejarah Kelapa Sawit Indonesia

June 12, 2020 /

Kelapa sawit merupakan komoditas jenis palem yang buahnya dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku industri. Kelapa sawit memang bukan berasal dari negara Indonesia. Kelapa sawit adalah tanaman yang asli dari Afrika. Pada awalnya, orang Belanda membawa sebanyak 4 bibit kelapa sawit ke Indonesia dan ditanam di Kebun Raya Bogor pada tahun 1848. Melihat tanaman tersebut tumbuh dengan subur, dan setelah dicoba di beberapa daerah juga dapat tumbuh dengan baik. Oleh karena itu, semenjak tahun 1910, kelapa sawit dibudidayakan secara komersial dan meluas di Sumatera.

Ternyata, kelapa sawit hanya dapat tumbuh di wilayah tropis sepanjang garis khatulistiwa, dengan curah hujan melimpah dan syarat-syarat agroklimat lainnya. Indonesia, Malaysia, sebagian Afrika adalah negara yang memenuhi syarat tumbuh tersebut, sebagian kecil lagi di wilayah Amerika Tengah dan Latin. Sungguh merupakan suatu keberkahan.

Sampai sekitar tahun 1980-an, luas perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia mencapai 200.000 an hektar. Yang mana, kebanyakan adalah tanaman warisan dari Pemerintah Belanda. Disebabkan oleh program kredit dan juga mulai diperkenalkannya kebun sawit PIR-Trans (Perkebunan Inti Rakyat-Transmigrasi), kelapa sawit berkembang dengan sangat cepat di Indonesia. Sampai sekitar tahun 2009, total luas pertanaman kelapa sawit di Indonesia telah mencapai 7,2 juta hektar, atau  pertumbuhan meningkat sebanyak dua kali setiap tahunnya selama 30 tahun. Kebun rakyat, dengan pola tanam PIR dan juga swadaya meliputi jumlah 40 %.

Industri Kelapa sawit di Indonesia melibatkan pekerja dengan jumlah kurang lebih 2,8 juta orang on farm (di lahan), yang mana sebanyak 1,6 juta di antaranya adalah petani pekebun kecil. Setidaknya ada 4,8 juta orang yang membuat kebun kelapa sawit sebagai tempat penghasilan. Di samping itu, sebanyak 1,2 juta Kartu Keluarga atau sekitar 3,6 juta orang merupakan keluarga karyawan yang bekerja di perusahaan perkebunan sawit swasta maupun Badan Usaha Milik Negara yang bakal menikmati penghidupan yang layak karena keuntungan dan fasilitas yang ditawarkan oleh perusahaan dimana mereka berkerja. Pengembangan kebun kelapa sawit yang baru secara bertahap dapat menyerap tenaga kerja.

Setiap hektar dalam perkebunan sawit yang telah menghasilkan membutuhkan sekitar 0,2 hari kerja orang per hari. Sehingga, apabila secara nasional dapat mengembangkan kebun baru sebanyak 400.000 hektar setiap tahun, minimal jumlah tenaga kerja yang dapat diserap adalah 80.000 KK untuk setiap tahunnya. Apabila setiap tahun di Indonesia ada sekitar 200.000 angkatan kerja baru yang dapat masuk ke pasar tenaga kerja, maka sekitar lebih dari 30 % dapat diserap di sektor perkebunan kelapa sawit.

Sejarah kelapa sawit

Industri kelapa sawit menjukkan kebal terhadap krisis. Pada kondisi keuangan global mengalami krisis dan juga banyak industri mengalami kebangkrutan, sektor kelapa sawit masih dapat tetap tegar. Industri yang menjadi bahan baku untuk pembuatan bahan makan pokok umat manusia, dan juga digunakan untuk bahan baku energi nabati, yang juga kebutuhan dasar manusia. Hal ini membuat industri tidak akan pernah terpengaruh krisis. Kondisi yang ditakutkan adalah ketika terjadi penurunan harga komoditas, dan masalah bagi perusahaan hal ini adalah margin yang berkurang. Bagi petani, apabila hal tersebut terjadi, petani akan mengurangi resiko biaya dengan menunda perawatan kebun. Sehingga tidak ada PHK massal di industri sawit.

Bagi Indonesia, industri kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu andalan penerimaan Negara. Baik melalui pajak maupun pendapatan ekspor. Beberapa tahun yang lalu, devisa dari ekspor produk minyak kelapa sawit dan turunannya memiliki nilai sekitar 15 juta USD. Ketika kinerja ekspor beberapa industri menurun tajam, sektor kelapa sawit masih cukup stabil dalam hal kinerja ekspor. Bahkan, apabila dilihat dari total ekspor non migas Indonesia tahun 2008, nilai ekspor untuk produk kelapa sawit dan turunannya merupakan yang terbesar dan menjadi peringkat pertama. Dengan begitu, peran produk kelapa sawit dan turunannya sangat penting dalam struktur neraca perdagangan nasional.

Yang tidak kalah penting, perkebunan dan industri kelapa sawit menjadi pioneer dalam pengembangan wilayah khususnya pedalaman. Banyak kabupaten baru, bahkan propinsi baru muncul karena adanya daya dorong kemajuan disebabkan oleh adanya perkebunan kelapa sawit. Sejarah mencatat, bahwa kebanyakan kota di wilayah Sumatra Utara lahir dari kemajuan yang disebabkan perkebunan sawit. Pada awal tahun 1990-an, pengusaha perkebunan kelapa sawit yang ingin berinvestasi di wilayah Mamuju ( yang dulunya provinsi Sulawesi Selatan) harus menempuh perjalanan laut dari Donggala menuju pantai Mamuju selama 8 jam, mendarat di sana dengan membawa berbagai perbekalan untuk memulai kegiatan penanaman. Sekarang ini, perjalanan menuju areal perkebunan di Mamuju dari Palu bisa ditempuh 3 jam dengan mobil.

Perkebunan kelapa sawit memiliki banyak andil dalam membangun infrastruktur jalan dan jembatan yang bisa digunakan kepentingan umum. Perkebunan kelapa sawit juga membangun sekolah di wilayah kebun, yang juga bisa untuk masyarakat sekitar kebun. Karena perkebunan kelapa sawit maka tumbuh pula pasar, pusat perdagangan dan kegiatan pendukung lainnya. Secara otomatis akan memicu berkembangnya ekonomi local, supplier local, kontraktor local, dsb. 

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