Kelapa Sawit Indonesia dan Isu Konservasi
Tampaknya produk pertanian Indonesia tidak lebih populer daripada kelapa sawit. Output tinggi dan ekspor komoditas kelapa sawit yang tinggi telah berhasil menjadikan Indonesia pengekspor minyak sawit terbesar di dunia. Ini tentu tidak mengherankan, karena dalam 20 tahun terakhir, area perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia telah berkembang pesat dari 2,9 juta hektar pada tahun 1997 menjadi 16,3 juta hektar pada tahun 2020. Situasi ini bukannya tanpa hambatan. Angin kontroversi yang mengikuti sangat kuat. Selama bertahun-tahun, Indonesia telah dikenal sebagai negara yang menghancurkan hutan tropis yang masih asli, dan sebagian besar keanekaragaman hayatinya telah hancur karena pembukaan perkebunan kelapa sawit.
Tuduhan ini tentu akan mempersulit posisi Indonesia. Namun, Indonesia masih bekerja keras untuk menentang kebijakan “Direktif Energi Terbarukan II” yang diterapkan oleh negara-negara Eropa. Mereka percaya bahwa kelapa sawit adalah komoditas berisiko tinggi (bahan yang tidak berkelanjutan) dan karenanya tidak dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk biofuel. Penggunaan minyak kelapa sawit secara bertahap akan berkurang sampai menghilang sepenuhnya pada tahun 2030. Sebagai target utama pasar kelapa sawit Indonesia, jelas sangat berbahaya untuk mengeluarkan minyak sawit dari daftar minyak nabati yang dapat diperdagangkan di Eropa.
Perkebunan kelapa sawit, hutan perawan dan keanekaragaman hayati Perkebunan kelapa sawit disebut monokultur yang tidak ramah terhadap keanekaragaman hayati. Citra sebagai perkebunan tunggal sering membuat orang berpikir bahwa perkebunan kelapa sawit tidak dapat mengakomodasi biota lain, termasuk satwa liar. Beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan tanda ini. Namun, ini tidak dapat diterapkan pada semua spesies secara umum, karena masing-masing spesies memiliki karakteristik biologis dan ekologis sendiri.
Jika kita ingin memahami lebih dalam, penelitian saat ini telah mengungkap asal tanah dan dampak perkebunan kelapa sawit terhadap satwa liar Indonesia. Sebagai contoh, beberapa hasil penelitian dari 2017 hingga 2020 diterbitkan di beberapa publikasi ilmiah.
Pada tahun 2020, Sentosa dan timnya menyatakan dalam buku mereka yang berjudul “Minyak Kelapa Sawit dan Deforestasi di Indonesia” dan “Majalah Minyak Sawit Internasional” bahwa sekitar 98% dari 23 perkebunan skala besar di enam provinsi di Indonesia tidak Dari kawasan hutan. Selain itu, hampir 67% dari perkebunan kelapa sawit tidak berasal dari hutan perawan, tetapi dari semak belukar, ladang dan bekas perkebunan karet.
Perkebunan kelapa sawit tidak dapat mengklaim untuk menghancurkan semua keanekaragaman hayati. Meskipun dapat memiliki dampak ekologis, dampaknya terhadap semua satwa liar tidak seragam. Pada beberapa spesies, dampaknya mungkin negatif, yaitu, mengurangi jumlah spesies di suatu daerah atau disebut hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati.
Namun, dalam hal lain, itu positif, ditandai dengan peningkatan spesies (peningkatan keanekaragaman hayati). Lihat juga: Apa arti referendum yang menolak akses minyak sawit Indonesia ke Mahkamah Konstitusi Swiss? Dampak perkebunan kelapa sawit terhadap keanekaragaman hayati tidak seragam, tetapi tergantung pada taksa hewan.
Ini dapat dilihat dalam beberapa publikasi yang telah kami tulis, termasuk “Keanekaragaman Hayati” / “Jurnal Keanekaragaman Hayati” dan “JMHT” / “Jurnal Pengelolaan Hutan Tropis”, 2018. Kenapa gitu? Singkatnya, ini seperti pusat perbelanjaan dengan banyak pilihan, dan setiap toko memiliki segmen pasar sendiri. Lansekap perkebunan kelapa sawit. Heterogenitas habitat memiliki fungsi unik dalam setiap aspek, tetapi mereka saling melengkapi untuk membentuk ekosistem.
Meskipun studi ini masih dalam proses, hasilnya memberikan jawaban awal yang cukup untuk kontroversi sejauh ini. Jadi, apa yang perlu dilakukan selanjutnya? Perlu mendukung langkah Indonesia untuk mempertahankan komoditas kelapa sawit untuk mendukung B30, B100 dan bahkan rencana bioenergi bahan bakar hijau. Selain itu, dalam kompetisi global, upaya ini menunjukkan keinginan kuat Indonesia untuk mandiri di sektor energi. Selain menciptakan peluang ekonomi bagi jutaan pekerja.
Jangan lupa bahwa kemandirian energi atau bioenergi, penciptaan lapangan kerja dan manajemen lingkungan adalah bagian dari tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Pada saat yang sama, perlindungan perkebunan kelapa sawit harus terus dioptimalkan. Padahal, upaya ini telah dibuktikan melalui berbagai kebijakan. Di antara mereka, pemerintah mengeluarkan “Instruksi Presiden tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional untuk Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Berkelanjutan” pada akhir 2019.
Salah satu prioritas adalah meningkatkan upaya untuk melindungi keanekaragaman hayati dan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Namun upaya ini tidak berhenti sampai di situ. Masih ada kebutuhan besar untuk perlindungan inovatif keanekaragaman hayati di perkebunan kelapa sawit. Bagaimana merancang perkebunan kelapa sawit yang ramah lingkungan, bagaimana mengelola lanskap perkebunan sebagai habitat bagi tanaman, hewan, dan kelompok biologis penting lainnya, dan tantangan lain, semua perlu menemukan solusi terbaik.
Sama pentingnya, wacana dan konsep perkebunan kelapa sawit sebagai lanskap mosaik “berubah menjadi” juga kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati. Sekaranglah saatnya bagi kita untuk membahas dan merancang dengan serius. Mengapa? Karena minat kami pada kelapa sawit tidak hanya terletak pada manfaat ekonomi, tetapi juga pada tanggung jawab moral kami untuk kelestarian lingkungan.
Sebagai negara dengan keanekaragaman hayati yang besar, Indonesia berkomitmen untuk mempertahankan perlindungan alaminya. Jika komitmen ini didukung oleh banyak pihak, konservasi keanekaragaman hayati tidak hanya akan menyelamatkan triliunan rupee dari transaksi devisa negara melalui perdagangan kelapa sawit, tetapi juga melindungi keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia untuk generasi berikutnya.
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