Pemanfaatan Sawit sebagai Bahan Baku Farmasi
Kelapa sawit merupakan komoditas perkebunan yang cukup populer di Indonesia. Kelapa sawit mudah tumbuh di tanah terbuka yang ditandai oleh tanah berwarna kuning-coklat. Hasil utamanya adalah minyak sawit yang dapat diolah menjadi berbagai jenis produk.
Meskipun diyakini bahwa penanaman kelapa sawit adalah alasan untuk menyusutnya kawasan hutan di Indonesia, kelapa sawit adalah sumber pendapatan devisa terbesar negara karena dapat menghasilkan minyak kelapa sawit (CPO) dan minyak inti sawit (KPO) dalam jumlah besar.
Namun, dengan perkembangan teknologi industri pengolahan minyak kelapa sawit, mengingat minyak kelapa sawit mengandung vitamin E (tokoferol dan tokotrienol) yang dapat melembabkan dan mencerahkan kulit, pabrik kelapa sawit memiliki kelebihan di bidang farmasi.
Manfaat kelapa sawit dalam memenuhi tugas keempat (meningkatkan kesehatan masyarakat) termasuk membuat lotion dan krim, mengurangi luka bakar dan membuat sabun.
Penggunaan pertama kelapa sawit adalah sebagai pengemulsi untuk lotion dan krim. Persamaan antara lotion dan krim adalah semua lotion, yang merupakan campuran fase air dan minyak.
Keduanya adalah antioksidan yang baik dan dapat mencegah penyakit kulit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan gizi, asap rokok, sinar ultraviolet, dan polusi. Perbedaan antara lotion dan krim adalah bahwa karena lemak susu memiliki fase minyak lebih dari fase air, itu adalah jumlah air dan fase minyak yang lebih padat daripada emulsi.
Namun, mereka dapat dicairkan melalui turunan minyak sawit, yaitu stearyl alcohol ethoxylate, dengan menggunakan pengemulsi atau pengemulsi. Biasanya, orang menggunakan pengemulsi dalam minyak bumi. Faktanya, minyak bumi adalah produk petrokimia yang tidak terbarukan yang dapat digunakan. Baru-baru ini, para peneliti telah mencoba berbagai minyak nabati (salah satunya adalah minyak kelapa sawit) untuk membuat obat-obatan yang menyehatkan kulit.
Keuntungan dari turunan minyak kelapa sawit adalah mereka tahan terhadap pH lingkungan dan memiliki sifat emolien. Menurut penelitian, penambahan stearyl alcohol ethoxylate akan mempengaruhi stabilitas atau kepadatan kedua emulsi. Penambahan emulsifier akan mengurangi stabilitas emulsi dan meningkatkan stabilitas krim.
Namun, pH lotion dan krim tetap pada 7 atau netral. Penggunaan kelapa sawit yang kedua adalah untuk mengurangi luka bakar. Diketahui bahwa luka bakar pada kulit rentan terhadap infeksi oleh mikroorganisme seperti Staphylococcus aureus, dan ketahanannya terhadap antibiotik adalah 77% dan resistensi terhadap E. coli adalah 19%.
Peneliti mencoba menggunakan ekstrak cangkang kelapa sawit. Harap dicatat bahwa Staphylococcus aureus adalah gram positif, sedangkan E. coli adalah gram negatif. Ekstrak cangkang kelapa sawit memiliki metabolit sekunder yang diperlukan untuk memproduksi produk antibakteri, terutama triterpen, alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, dan tanin.
Menurut penelitian, zat aktif utama untuk mencegah infeksi adalah triterpenoid dan flavonoid. Triterpenoid dapat menghancurkan aktivitas pembentukan dinding sel bakteri Gram-positif, sehingga mudah dihancurkan oleh flavonoid. Dinding sel mengandung peptidoglikan, yang mudah ditembus oleh dua zat aktif.
Dibandingkan dengan bakteri Gram-negatif, tingginya polaritas zat aktif dan peptidoglikan memiliki efek penghambatan yang lebih tinggi pada cedera. Meningkatkan jumlah ekstrak sekam kelapa sawit hingga 100%. Karena tidak akan tumbuh di lingkungan yang asam (nilai pH dari ekstrak sekam kelapa sawit adalah 4), itu semakin menghambat kerusakan mikroba (terutama Staphylococcus aureus), oleh karena itu disarankan untuk menggunakannya sebagai pengganti obat merah.
Penggunaan akhir kelapa sawit adalah sebagai bahan baku pembuatan sabun. Sabun yang terbuat dari minyak sawit dibagi menjadi dua reaksi, yaitu saponifikasi (trigliserida dan alkali) dan netralisasi (asam lemak bebas dan alkali). Namun, melalui reaksi saponifikasi, sabun akan menjadi pelembab terbaik untuk kulit, karena trigliserida menghasilkan gliserin, dan gliserin bertindak sebagai fase gel.
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